AoPS Extension Math


Lessons


Holiday Module 1: Exponents/Logarithms, Complex Numbers, Linear Equations, Proportions, Using the Integers, Quadratic Equations, and Special Factorizations and Clever Manipulations

Integer Exponents and Fractional Exponents
Simplifying Rational Expressions and Rationalizing Denominators
Logarithms
The Square Root of -1 and Complex Number Operations
Definition of a Linear Equation and One Variable Equations
Two Variable Equations and Word Problems
Direct and Inverse Proportions and Manipulating Proportions
Conversion Factors and Percentages
Divisibility and Number Bases
The Last Digit and Modular Arithmetic
Tricks and Primes
Common and Uncommon Factors
Definition of a Quadratic and Factoring Quadratics
The Quadratic Formula and Variations on a Theme
Square Roots of Irrationals and Imaginaries and Beyond Quadratics
Factorizations and Manipulations

Module 1: What Numbers Really Area, An Introduction to Circles, Angles, Triangles, Quadrilaterals, Polygons, Angle Chasing, Areas, The Power of Coordinates, Power of a Point, and Three Dimensional Geometry

Integers and Rationals and Lowest Terms and Irrations
Complex and Beyond and an Introduction to Circles
Lines, Rays, and Segments and Classification and Measurement
Angles and Parallel Lines and Arcs, Segments, Sectors, and Angles
Angles Formed by Lines Intersecting a Circle and The Burden of Proof
Classifying Triangles and Parts of a Triangle
The Triangle Inequality and The Pythagorean Theorem
Congruent Triangles and Similar Triangles
Introduction to Trigonometry and Area of a Triangle
Fundamentals and Trapezoids
Parallelograms and Rhombuses
Rectangles and Squares
Types of Polygons and Angles in a Polygon
Regular Polygons and Regular Hexagons and Angle Chasing
Similar Figures and Same Base/Same Altitude
Complicated Figures
Labelling the Plane and What's it Good For
Straight and Narrow and Plotting a Line
The Distance Formula and Circles
Went Down to the Crossroads and Fell Down on My Knees
Introduction and Power of a Point Proofs
Planes, Surface Area, and Volumes and Spheres
Prisms and Cylinders and Pyramids and Cones
Pyramids and Cones and Polyhedra
How to Solve 3D Problems

Holiday Module 2: Shifts, Turns, Flips, Stretches, and Squeezes and Learning to Count

Translation and Rotation
Distortion and Dilation
The More Things Change
Transformation Proofs
What's to learn about counting? and Multiplication
Example: The Number of Divisors and Restrictions on Multiplication
Permutations, Arrangements, and Factorials and Mixing it Up
Counting the Wrong Thing
Doing It Another Way and the Binomial Theorem

Module 2: A Potpourri of Geometry, Functions, Inequalities, Operations and Relations, Sequences and Series, Statistics and Probability, and Sets

A Potpourri of Geometry
Welcome to the Machine and Graphing Functions
Inputs and Outputs and Even and Odd
Some Special Functions and Transforming a Function
What Inequalites Do and Linear Inequalities
Quadratic Inequalities and Absolute Value Inequalities
A Trivial Inequality
What is an Operation and Properties of Operations and Relations
Arithmetic Series, Geometric Series, and Infinite Series
Sum i=1 of n, Sequences, and Sequences and Means
Statistics and Probability and Common Sense
Multiplying Probabilities and Casework
Odds and What you Expect
Some Definitions of Sets and Operating on Sets
Venn Diagrams and Subsets

Holiday Module 3: Prove It and Parting Shots

Words, Words, Words, and Contradiction
Converses Aren't Necessarily True and Mathematical Induction
Shooting Holes in Pigeons and Convincing but Wrong
Parting Shots

Holiday Module 4: Prove It, Logarithms, Not Just for Right Triangles, and More Triangles!

Prove It and Logarithms
Trigonometric Functions and Graphing Trigonometric Functions
Going Backwards and Trying it All TOgether
Solving Problems Using Trigonometric Identities
Triangle Laws and Areas, Areas, Areas
More Important Lines

Module 3: Cyclic Quadrilaterals, Conics and Polar Coordinates, Polynomials, Functions, and Taking it to the Limit

Properties of Cyclic Quadrilaterals, Finding Cyclic Quadrilaterals, and Ptolemy's Theorem
Parabolas and Ellipses
Hyperbolas and Polar Coordinates Revisited and That Pesky xy Term
What is a Polynomial? and Multiplying and Dividing Polynomials
Finding Roots of Polynomials and Coefficients and Roots
Transforming Polynomials and Newton's Sums
The Inverse of a Function and Functional Identities and Solving Functional Identities
What is a Limit? and Tricky
Working with Limits and Continuity
Asymptotes and Trig Limits and e

Holiday Module 5: Complex Numbers and Vectors and Matrices

Drawing the Complex Numbers and The Complex Absolute Value
Complex Multiplication and Coordinates and Complex Powers and Geometry
De Moivre's Theorem and Exponential Form
Two for One and The Roots of Unity
What is a Vector and The Dot Product
Coordinate Representation of Vectors and What is a Matrix?
Matrix Multiplication and Matrices in Higher Dimensions
Better Matrix Notation

Module 4: Cross Products and Determinants, Analytic Geometry, Equations and Expressions, Inequalities, Combinatorics, Sequences and Series, Counting in the Twilight Zone, Again and Again, Probability, Find It and Make It, Collinearity and Concurrency, Geometry Tidbits, and Number Theory

The Cross Product and THe Cross Product in Coordinates
The Determinant and Determinants in Higher Dimensions
Minors and Row and Column Operations and The Inverse of a Matrix
Lines, Angles, and Distances and Parameters
Vectors and Points, Lines, and Planes
Curved Surfaces and Using Analytic Geometry and Vectors and Geometry Problems
Linear Equations and Convenient Systems
Symmetric Expressions and Advanced Factorizations and More Polynomials
Squares and Cubes and Using Graphing
Trivial Inequality Revisited and Arithmetic Mean-Geometry Mean Inequality
Cauchy's Inequality and Maximization and Minimization
Geometry and Inequalities and Wrap-Up and Parting Hints
Identities and Pascal's Identity
More Identities and Block Walking and The Binomial Theorem
Fractions In Other Bases and Some Special Series
The Fibonacci Numbers and Dealing with Recurrences
Dealing with Sums and The Binomial Theorem Revisited and Harmonic Sequences
One to One and Clever Correspondences
Easy as and Generating Functions
Partitions and Counting on Graphs and Counting Infinite Sets
Repeats and Off to Infinity
Rational Continued Fractions and Real Continued Fractions
Review of Probability, Definitions, and Notation and Going a Step Further
Geometry and Probability and Conditional Probability
Locus and Construction
Three Points and a Line and Three Lines and a Point
Projections and Inversion
Homothecy, Geometry Continuity, and Given a Finite Number of
Divisibility and Division in Congruences
Solving Linear Congruences and Solving Quadratic Congruences
The Sum of the Divisors and Fermat's Theorem
The phi Function and Wilson's Theorem

Holiday Module 6: Diophantine Equations, Graph Theory, and Parting Shots

ax+by=c and x^2+y^2=z^2
x^4+y^4=z^2 and The Pell Equation
General Methods for Diophantine Equations
Points and Lines and Planar Graphs
Example: The Platonic Solids and Walking Around on Graphs
Euler Trails and Colorings
Parting Shots

Module 5: Integers: The Basics, Primes and Composites, Multiples and Divisors, Prime Factorization, Divisor Problems, Speical Numbers, and Algebra With Integers

Introduction to Integers and Making Integers Out of Integers
Integer Multiples and Divisibility of Integers
Using Divisors
Mathematical Symbols
Introduction to Primes and Composites
Identifying Primes
Introduction to Prime Factorization and Common Divisors
Greatest Common Divisors and Common Multiples
Remainders and Multiples, Divisors, and Arithmetic
The Euclidean Algorithm
Introduction to Prime Factorization and Factor Trees
Factorization and Multiples and Factorization and Divisors
Rational Numbers and Lowest Terms and Prime Factorization and Problem Solving
Relationships Between LCMs and GCDs
Introduction to Divisor Problems and Counting Divisors
Divisor Counting Problems and Divisor Products
Introduction to Special Numbers and Some Special Primes
Factorials, Exponents and Divisibility, and Perfect, Abundant, and Deficient Numbers
Palindromes
Introduction to Algebra with Integers and Problems

Module 6: Base Numbers, Base Number Arithmetic, Units Digits, Decimals and Fractions, Introduction to Modular Arithmetic, Divisibility Rules, Linear Congruences, and Number Sense

Introduction to Base Numbers and Counting in Bundles
Base Numbers and Base Number Digits
Converting Integers Between Bases and Unusual Base Number Problems
Introduction to Base Number Arithmetic and Base Number Addition
Base Number Subtraction and Base Number Multipilcation
Base Number Division and Divisibility
Introduction to Units Digits and Units Digits in Arithmetic
Base Number Units Digits and Unit Digits Everywhere
Introduction and Terminating Decimals
Repeating Decimals and Converting Decimals to Fractions
Base Numbers and Decimal Equivalents
Introduction and Congruence
Residues and Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication and Exponentiation and Patterns and Exploration
Introduction and Divisibility Rules
Divisibility Rules with Algebra
Introduction and Modular Inverses and Simple Linear Congruences
Solving Linear Congruences and Systems of Linear Congruences
Introduction and Familiiar Factors and Divisibility
Algebraic Methods of Arithmetic and Useful Forms of Numbers and Simplicity

Module 7: Counting is Arithmetic, Basic Counting Techniques, Correcting for Overcounting, Committees and Combinations, More With Combinations, Some Harder Counting Problems, Introduction to Probability, and Basic Probability Techniques

Introduction and Counting Lists of Numbers
Counting with Addition and Subtraction and Counting Multiple Events
Permutations
Introduction and Casework
Complementary Counting
Constructive Counting
Counting with Restrictions
Introduction and Permutations with Repeated Elements
Counting Pairs of Items and Counting with Symmetries
Introduction and Committee Forming
How to Compute Combinations
Our First Combinatorial Identity
Introduction
Paths on a Grid
More Committee-Type problems and Distinguishability
Introduction and Problems
Introduction and Basic Probability
Equally Likly Outcomes and Counting Techniques in Probability Problems
Introduction and Probability and Addition
Complementary Probabilities
Probability with Multiplication
Probability with Dependent Events
Shooting Stars - a hard problem

Module 8: Think About It, Geometric Probability, Expected Value, Pascal's Triangle, The Hockey Stick Identity, The Binomial Theorem, and More Challenging Problems

Introduction
Problems
Introduction and Probability Using Lengths
Probability Using Areas
Introduction and Definition of Expected Value
Expected Value Problems
A Funky Game
Introduction and Constructing Pascal's Triangle
Those Numbers Look Familiar!
An Interesting Combinatorial Identity
Introduction and the Problem
A Step-by-Step Solution and A Clever Solution
The Identity
Introduction and A Little Algebra
The Theorem
Applications of the Binomial Theorem
Using Binomial Theorem in Identities
Introduction
Problems

Module 9: Review of Counting and Probability Basics, Sets and Logic, A Piece of PIE, Constructive Counting and 1-1 Correspondences, The Pigenhole Principle, Constructive Expectation, Distributions, and Mathematical Inductions

Introduction and Basic Counting Techniques
Basic Probability Techniques and Expected Value
Pascal's Triangle and The Binomial Theorem and Summation Notation
Introduction and Sets
Operations on Sets and Truth and Logic
Quantifiers
Introduction and PIE with 2 Properties
PIE with 3 Properties and Counting Problems with PIE
PIE WIth Many Properties and Counting Items with More Than 1 of Something
Some Harder PIE Problems
Introduction and Some Basic Problems
Harder Constructive Counting Problems and 1-1 Correspondence Basics
More Complicated 1-1 Correspondences and Clever 1-1 Correspondences
Introduction and It's Just Common Sense!
Basic Pigeonhole Principles and More Advanced Pigenhole Problems
Introduction and Basic Examples
Summing Expectations Constructively and A Coat With Many Pathces
Introduction and Basic Distributions
Distributions with Extra Conditions and More Complicated Distribution Problems
Mathematical Induction

Module 10: Recursion, Conditional Probability, Combinatorial Identities, Events with States, Generating Functions, Graph Theory, and Challenge Problems

Introduction and A Motivating Problem
Some Fibonacci Problems and A Formula for the Fibonacci Numbers
Introduction and Examples of Recursions
Linear Recurrences and A Hard Recursion Problem
Problems Involving Catalan Numbers and Formulas for the Catalan Numbers
Introduction and Basic Examples of Conditional Probability
Some Definitions and Notations and Harder Examples
Let's Make a Deal!
Introduction and Basic Identities
More Identities
Introduction and State Diagrams and Random Walks
Events with Infinite States and Two-Player Strategy Games
Introduction and Basic Examples of Generating Functions
The Binomial Theorem and Distributions
The Generating Function for Partitions and for the Fibonacci Numbers
Introduciton and Definitions
Basic Properties of Graphs and Cycles and Paths
Planar Graphs
Eulerian and Hamiltonian Path
Challenge Problems

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